tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-39535036305106524162024-02-07T22:34:35.603-08:00Alison Reynolds' MUS 331 PresentationLissiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12030475187880397141noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3953503630510652416.post-74398920227187724742011-09-26T10:02:00.000-07:002011-09-26T10:02:17.143-07:00Chapter 3: pgs 56-61, Focus Area 2 (Outside Influences)<div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Religion<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Great Schism of 1054<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Schism</b>: “In a general sense, division or separation; but appropriately, a division or separation in a church or denomination of Christians, occasioned by diversity of opinions; breach of unity among people of the same religious faith” (Webster, 1828)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Theology Reasons: <o:p></o:p></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkD5DFbqvOFok_edPjfGxqEQ4vF4Faxbr3uz6pBHHDPzxqrxmJEvwx7BLiOIKol6PPlFAYwZnvWhWD9OzF-lWPlMqf0s5jemoSYrDouToP3Kcr8NYDjMCh2IYg09NpxLhm1JmwucccQ4c/s1600/150px-Leon_IX.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkD5DFbqvOFok_edPjfGxqEQ4vF4Faxbr3uz6pBHHDPzxqrxmJEvwx7BLiOIKol6PPlFAYwZnvWhWD9OzF-lWPlMqf0s5jemoSYrDouToP3Kcr8NYDjMCh2IYg09NpxLhm1JmwucccQ4c/s400/150px-Leon_IX.jpg" width="186" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX">Leo IX: Pope in 1054</a></td></tr>
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><em><span style="font-style: normal;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></em></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Papal Claims:</b> The first issue had theological roots, but was really mainly a power struggle: to simplify the issue, the Catholic Church believed that the Pope in Rome should have authority over all the church, east and west, and not surprisingly the Orthodox Church did not appreciate or agree with this idea at all! The Orthodox site that I looked at stated the problem this way:<em><span style="font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">a.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">“<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: black;">Now so long as the Pope claimed an absolute power only in the west, Byzantium raised no objections. The Byzantines did not mind if the western Church was centralized, so long as the Papacy did not interfere in the east. The Pope, however, believed his immediate power of jurisdiction to extend to the east as well as to the west; and as soon as he tried to enforce this claim within the eastern Patriarchates, trouble was bound to arise. The Greeks assigned to the Pope a primacy of honour, but not the universal supremacy which he regarded as his due. The Pope viewed infallibility as his own prerogative; the Greeks held that in matters of the faith the final decision rested not with the Pope alone, but with a Council representing all the bishops of the Church. Here we have two different conceptions of the visible organization of the Church” (“The Great Schism,” n.d.). </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">b.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">This was theological as well as political issue because of the fact that the Catholic Church asserted the infallibility of the pope especially on doctrinal matters; and the Orthodox Church vehemently opposed this. </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZazb2IzS4K-8b839STYXI7X767NPTl-hII1kluSC2lNZkExN1Bieln1cJ19VEbJsYUGdXuNrsNB7MTAx7UQTTptuLjTT_F12YN-dIEmyrprlbfaigfBuVcdkfQ8uzYslHVodo0cM0k4E/s1600/Constantinopolis-Iconoclast-controversy-a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZazb2IzS4K-8b839STYXI7X767NPTl-hII1kluSC2lNZkExN1Bieln1cJ19VEbJsYUGdXuNrsNB7MTAx7UQTTptuLjTT_F12YN-dIEmyrprlbfaigfBuVcdkfQ8uzYslHVodo0cM0k4E/s400/Constantinopolis-Iconoclast-controversy-a.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm">"Byzantine Iconoclasm, 9th century"</a></td></tr>
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Iconoclast Controversy: </b>Another issue plaguing the Christians was the “Iconoclast controversy,” which raged especially during the 8<sup>th</sup> century but also led to the official Schism in 1054. In 730, Byzantine Emperor Leo III made icons, or pictures of religious figures illegal, claiming that they were being used for worship. Jackson J. Spielvogel says in his textbook <i>Western Civilization</i>, “The Roman popes were opposed to the iconoclastic edicts, and their opposition created considerable dissension between the popes and the Byzantine emperors. Late in the eighth century, the Byzantine rulers reversed their stand on the use of images, but not before considerable damage had been done to the unity of the Christian Church” (2006, p. 191) I found it interesting that the Orthodox church originally took this stand on icons, because they definitely use them now: in fact when I was in St. Petersburg Russia this summer and had the chance to visit an Orthodox church, I saw members of the congregation kissing and praying to various icons. <o:p></o:p></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj10w3dkZbJhsmXKpOx4QE3-xXlmj-rXUm9B1WB-9dfXGHff7PoBfFpoIDgHAtj8OBe_WrobxU4fhBFTuga7Zv1leDBEVnbP00U5ptxo0BJ_n2v3qso-JPw81DFao3AhmaAGPoUVJiIbqY/s1600/200px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-basic.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj10w3dkZbJhsmXKpOx4QE3-xXlmj-rXUm9B1WB-9dfXGHff7PoBfFpoIDgHAtj8OBe_WrobxU4fhBFTuga7Zv1leDBEVnbP00U5ptxo0BJ_n2v3qso-JPw81DFao3AhmaAGPoUVJiIbqY/s320/200px-Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-basic.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Filioque_clause">Filioque Clause: "and from the Son."</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Filioque Clause:</b> In 589 C.E., a phrase was added to the Nicene Creed, which was a document that stated the basic pillars of faith in the church. This phrase was the Latin “Filioque,” which literally means “and from the Son.” It was used in reference to the Trinity-Father, Son and Holy Spirit-and when added, the Creed then stated that the Holy Spirit “proceeds from the Father <i>and the Son.” </i> The Eastern side of the Church did not like this change and insisted it was doctrinally incorrect, and the Catholic church insisted it was, and that small phrase ended up playing a large part in the ultimate Schism (Grudem, 1994, p. 246)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Language and Culture: One last thing to mention in reference to the differences between the Catholic and Orthodox Church is that there grew up cultural and language differences that made understanding each other difficult. A Catholic author wrote in 1912, “So again we have the same two unities, this time in language—a practically Greek East and an entirely Latin West. It is difficult to conceive this detail as a cause of estrangement, but it is undoubtedly true that many misunderstandings arose and grew, simply because people could not understand one another” (“The Eastern Schism”).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b>Orthodox Music: </b><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.ehow.com/info_8732319_list-orthodox-recordings.html">http://www.ehow.com/info_8732319_list-orthodox-recordings.html</a></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div style="text-align: right;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzpbCMVVZQQRHyqeWI1zKQkzZiBv1SOURc2mTOr19uO0bjf3vOt2IPkUgy7RR2nnKmcoXKxe1Fwouu49H6CFujGkPwCBTfC5am5W7yrRffeJEOxhni04oozZpwwlTmk-6vNQxX9V9oYnc/s1600/scisma.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzpbCMVVZQQRHyqeWI1zKQkzZiBv1SOURc2mTOr19uO0bjf3vOt2IPkUgy7RR2nnKmcoXKxe1Fwouu49H6CFujGkPwCBTfC5am5W7yrRffeJEOxhni04oozZpwwlTmk-6vNQxX9V9oYnc/s400/scisma.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.vaticanotours.com/schism.html">Map of the Schis</a>m<br />
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<div style="text-align: left;"><div class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Gothic Architecture</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>Note: I take a slightly different focus than my podcast (avoiding art); after posting it I heard Amanda's presentation and realized I was taking part of her presentation! </b></span><br />
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</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC0xsVVN8BghaLSMZhV3IwlZHJzBP0WguPp-szaIPzBRoXbtMnsdm7hN3jMpwTNSBVZ0mjyy2YpR-UZryLycE4FgIXVGtlhAiYBZNLT7lp3wPhNc7CebT5WjmFDooT7hAWeuiTEdbixRg/s1600/Interieur2_kathedraal_Laon.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC0xsVVN8BghaLSMZhV3IwlZHJzBP0WguPp-szaIPzBRoXbtMnsdm7hN3jMpwTNSBVZ0mjyy2YpR-UZryLycE4FgIXVGtlhAiYBZNLT7lp3wPhNc7CebT5WjmFDooT7hAWeuiTEdbixRg/s320/Interieur2_kathedraal_Laon.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://factoidz.com/extraordinary-early-gothic-at-laon-cathedral/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Laon Cathedral, Early Gothic Architecture</span></a></span></u></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The term "Gothic" was first used in a derogatory way during the Renaissance to refer back to the style of architecture that originated in France in the early 1100s after the first Crusade. Renaissance critics saw this change from Romanesque architecture as a barbaric betrayal of classical Roman styles. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="display: inline !important;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(</span><a href="http://www.castles.me.uk/gothic-architecture.htm"><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">http://www.castles.me.uk/gothic-architecture.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">)</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3sxvIpZYXyiNjWbqhcfqMa9GZwCmxy-XFiO-SOqQlUc_h3nyU9gHJOUhZgFhtaawp4-7uQwgpthoyv89aZbcIF2NJRxGjm1VB1AFHfSm8m1-Vxc3rT0EHV2pVbDQjLAkoM3hMjLRDiFc/s1600/romanesque.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3sxvIpZYXyiNjWbqhcfqMa9GZwCmxy-XFiO-SOqQlUc_h3nyU9gHJOUhZgFhtaawp4-7uQwgpthoyv89aZbcIF2NJRxGjm1VB1AFHfSm8m1-Vxc3rT0EHV2pVbDQjLAkoM3hMjLRDiFc/s320/romanesque.gif" width="225" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/medny/cloister1.html">A Romanesque Interior</a></span></div></div></b></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="display: inline !important;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Gothic architecture used ribbed vaults and pointed arches in the ceiling (instead of a barrel vault), which allowed Gothic churches to be built much higher than Romanesque churches.</span></div></span></li>
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</tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/p_kOgmfEz_8" width="560"></iframe><br />
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_kOgmfEz_8&feature=related">Please watch from 0:45 to 1:30 to get a view of one of the finest works of Gothic architecture, Notre Dame</a><br />
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<ul><li>Acoustics in Notre Dame, as well as other Gothic Cathedrals, reverberate and echo off the stone walls and high ceiling: a few sources from visitors to the cathedral I saw called music in Notre Dame "astonishing" and "glorious." </li>
<li>One site had a warning word, however: "<i>In many Cathedrals a note may linger for 8-15 seconds. This note will interfere with the notes following. Gothic churches supply us with an echo like this; you can virtually feel the largeness of the hall, but any fast passages will turn into a blur" </i>(Georgcello.com, 2005).</li>
</ul><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reference List<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fortescue, Adrian.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">"The Eastern Schism."</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The Catholic Encyclopedia.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Vol. 13.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">New York: Robert Appleton Company,</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1912.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Web. < </span></span><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13535a.htm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13535a.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Grudem, Wayne. <i>Systematic Theology. </i>Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1994. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Georgcello.com</i>. "The Famous Acoustics in the Cathedral Chamber." 2005. </span><a href="http://www.georgcello.com/acoustics.htm">http://www.georgcello.com/acoustics.htm</a>. Web. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hanning, Barbara Russano. (2010).</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Concise History of Western Music.</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.Print.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Spielvogel, Jackson J. <i>Western Civilization.</i> Canada: Thomas Wadsworth Publishing, 2006. Print. </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span> </span>“The Great Schism: The Estrangement between Eastern and Western Christendom,” n.d. <</span></span><a href="http://orthodoxinfo.com/general/greatschism.aspx"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://orthodoxinfo.com/general/greatschism.aspx</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">>. Orthodox Christian Information Center. Web. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br />
</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Image References<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Byzantine Iconoclasm. </i>Retrieved from: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br />
</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gothic Cathedral. </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Retrieved from: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br />
</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><i>Filioque Clause. </i>Retrieved from: </span><a href="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Filioque_clause">http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Filioque_clause</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br />
</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Flying Buttress.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Retrieved from: <i><span> </span></i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://trueparisienne.com/">http://trueparisienne.com</a></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><i><br />
</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><i>Leo IX. </i>Retrieved from: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><i>Notre Dame. </i>Retrieved from: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_kOgmfEz_8&feature=related">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_kOgmfEz_8&feature=related</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><i>Romanesque Church. </i>Retrieved from: <a href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/medny/cloister1.html">http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/medny/cloister1.html</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><i><br />
</i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><i></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Great Schism. </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Retrieved from: </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.vaticanotours.com/schism.html">http://www.vaticanotours.com/schism.html</a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0px;"><i><br />
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</div>Lissiehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12030475187880397141noreply@blogger.com0